Cauliflower mosaic virus structure

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Namba R, Sylvester E S, Journal of Economic Entomology. Journal of Phytopathology. Acta Virologica. Tropical Pest Management. In: Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 20 Fitopatologia Brasileira. This shape gives the virus 20 symmetrical triangular faces Fig, 1. This symmetry allows for synthesis efficiency by having the same small number of proteins being produced from a small number genes and from short chromosome sequences.

This allows the largest and most complex capsid to be formed from the least amount of resources making it more efficient than a non-symmetrical capsid [16]. In addition to capsid proteins, caulimoviruses are also surrounded by virus associated proteins [5]. These proteins are responsible for assisting in the binding of the virus to DNA on its c-terminal end [6]. The efficiency of the icosahedral structure allows it so that the genome of CaMV does not even need to encode for more than 7 genes that already have close similarities.

Genes differentiate by where their start codons are so that they have different reading frames [16]. The virion that is encapsulated in the capsid structure is made up of around 8, base pairs. This double stranded DNA has an open and circular shape Fig. Also, these strands contain nicks that come from reverse transcription.

These nicks are only repaired once these DNA strands enter the host when they form supercoiled molecules responsible for binding to proteins [14]. Cauliflower mosaic virus is well known for its strong constitutive 35S promoter. This promoter runs transcription for the entire cauliflower mosaic virus genome. It is because of its efficiency, it is commonly used for studying transgenic plants in relation to gene transfer vectors.

The nucleotide leader sequence of the 35S promoter consists of 8 open reading frames that each possess different functions [15]. There are 6 major coding regions and 2 minor coding regions. Open reading frame I functions to produce movement proteins to assist progeny viruses to pass through plasmodesmata into uninfected cells [7].

Open reading frame II produces aphid transmission factors which is required for the transmission of the virus from the aphid to the plant [8]. Open reading frame III, which previously had no assigned function and is a minor coding region, is believed to promote DNA binding as well as produce structural proteins.

ORF IV is responsible for the production of capsid proteins that surround and protect viral genomes. ORF V produces proteins that have proteinases as well as participates in the reverse transcriptase process [8].

Open reading frame VI produces trans activator proteins that promote formation of inclusion bodies. Inclusion bodies are places of viral multiplication needed to produce many progeny virions. The second minor coding region, open reading frame VII, has an unknown function but is speculated to have some function relating to targeting new viruses and bringing them to inclusion bodies P, Ashwathi.

A very unique function of open reading frame VI that is encoded by the 19S RNA is that it can reinitiate major reading frames on the 35S RNA when this is usually only found to happen in bacteria [15]. This is because cell walls are too thick for some viruses to penetrate so they rely on transmission through broken cells, animal vectors or through their own seeds [16]. For Cauliflower Mosaic Virus, Aphids are the most common vector for infection.

Aphids possess a needle-like mouthpiece that allows penetration into plants. Aphids then ingest the plants nutrients and sap while also leaving saliva behind in the plant. This saliva can infect the plant if the aphid contains a virus coming from a plant that was ingested beforehand [1]. The specific aphid that transports cauliflower mosaic virus is the species Myzus persicae Fig. These fully grown insects grown to be 1. They can reproduce at very fast rates and appear during the warmer months to feed on plants.

They are polyphageous, which means there is an array of plant species they are able to feed from. Relating to disease, Myzus persicae are known to be able to carry over different types of disease such as cauliflower mosaic virus.

Their poisonous saliva can transmit a vast array of diseases from species to species of plant that it chooses to prey on [12]. The viral dsDNA genome is introduced via an aphid bite.

Viral RNA also is used to produce gene products such as new capsid proteins and movement proteins in combination with viral DNA to assemble progeny virions Fig.

Capsid proteins house genetic material of viruses and offer protection. Movement proteins interact with plasmodesmata in order to allow for transport that otherwise would not occur [13]. Movement proteins then facilitate movement of progeny virions into uninfected cells of the host plant via plasmodesmata [16]. In order to defend against viral infection of cauliflower mosaic virus, plants must depend on their natural defenses or risk death.

In a situation using cauliflower as an example, in farms having cauliflower as a cash crop, the risk of viral infection is very high. It is because they are all grown in proximity and in the same conditions where random mutation is not favored, it would not be favorable to viral resistance.

In this scenario, breeding with mutated cauliflower would be the best chance of gaining resistance [16]. Plants also must rely on their own immune systems. If a plant can utilize its ability to interfere with gene expression then virions will stop being replicated inside of the host.

The plant is able to recognize foreign mRNA and stop gene expression before the plant continues producing for the virus [16]. There is no cure for cauliflower mosaic virus.

Once a plant is infected, then it is too late. Prevention is the only way to prevent agricultural or gardening losses. Since cauliflower mosaic virus is usually spread by aphids, so any sort of pest control can be beneficial in reducing infection.

Netting or pest control products may keep virus carrying insects at bay. Since this virus can be transported through any opening in plants such as abrasions or cuts, disinfecting tools, equipment and anything that contacts plants will reduce infections. It is best to get rid of infected plants immediately to reduce exposure to plants nearby. Also, get rid of seeds coming from infected plants because CaMV could be transmitted to plant offspring.

Keeping weeds away from the farm or garden can also eliminate virus harboring organisms. Finally, there are varieties of plants with resistance to caulimoviruses that are unable to get infected in the first place [9] [10]. Cauliflower mosaic virus has a very important function in biotechnology. It is because of its efficient promoter that is used to produce cloned genes, that it can be used to create transgenic plants that can take use of this efficiency.